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# Galactic bimodality
3. GALACTIC BIMODALITY
Galaxies can also be divided into the two most common types: ***elliptical*** and ***spiral*** (see Fig. 1.8). According to many estimates152 , these types of galaxies account for more than 70% of the total number of galaxies in the Universe. If we take into account that SO-type galaxies, which are a kind of intermediate class between spiral and elliptical galaxies, are the third most common, the other classes of galaxies account for no more than 15% of the total number of galaxies. What distinguishes the two main types of galaxies in the most general terms?
Galaxies can also be divided into the two most common types: ***elliptical*** and ***spiral*** (see Fig. 1.8). According to many estimates[^ref-152], these types of galaxies account for more than 70% of the total number of galaxies in the Universe. If we take into account that SO-type galaxies, which are a kind of intermediate class between spiral and elliptical galaxies, are the third most common, the other classes of galaxies account for no more than 15% of the total number of galaxies. What distinguishes the two main types of galaxies in the most general terms?
SHAPE AND STRUCTURE. Elliptical galaxies have a very *simple* shape and internal structure.
*"Elliptical* galaxies, unlike the others, are structureless. Regarding the structure of elliptical galaxies, we can speak only in terms of the distribution of densities in them along the radius "153. *Spiral* galaxies have a complex form of logarithmic spiral arms, disks, nucleus, core, nucleus and many other features of the structure. Moreover, every spiral galaxy has a halo, which is an elliptical formation of globular clusters of stars. Virtually every spiral *galaxy* has an inset, an *elliptical* inside it
> Elliptical galaxies, unlike the others, are structureless. Regarding the structure of elliptical galaxies, we can speak only in terms of the distribution of densities in them along the radius[^ref-153]
*"galaxy*" (see Fig. 1.52).
*Spiral* galaxies have a complex form of logarithmic spiral arms, disks, nucleus, core, and many other features of the structure. Moreover, every spiral galaxy has a halo, which is an elliptical formation of globular clusters of stars. Virtually every spiral *galaxy* has an inset, an *elliptical* inside it *"galaxy"* (see Fig. 1.52).
AGE. The age of most galaxies is estimated by astrophysicists to be about the *same*. They all formed at the very beginning of the expansion of the Universe, at the moment when it crossed the threshold of 1027 cm.
AGE. The age of most galaxies is estimated by astrophysicists to be about the *same*. They all formed at the very beginning of the expansion of the Universe, at the moment when it crossed the threshold of \\(10^{27}\\) cm.
At the same time in *elliptical* galaxies, ***star formation has practically stopped***, they have no material \- gas and dust, and they consist of old type II population stars.
At the same time in *elliptical* galaxies, ***star formation has practically stopped***, they have no material — gas and dust — and they consist of old population II stars.
In *spiral* galaxies, old stars form a spherical "insert" \- the halo, while dust and new stars are mainly distributed in the disk and spiral branches. In spiral galaxies, the ***process of star birth continues***.
In *spiral* galaxies, old stars form a spherical "insert" — the halo — while dust and new stars are mainly distributed in the disk and spiral branches. In spiral galaxies, the ***process of star birth continues***.
That is why we can say that ***elliptical galaxies*** (here we include elliptical components of spiral galaxies) are *old systems of the first generation,* and ***spiral*** galaxies (in terms of their specific structure) are young systems of the second epoch of star formation.
SIZES AND MASSES. The largest in size are *spiral* galaxies, the largest of them exceeding a diameter of 1023 cm. The author was unable to find in the literature any mention of spiral galaxies with sizes smaller than 1022 cm. On the other hand, *all dwarf galaxies are elliptical* and for them the lower threshold is 1020 cm.
SIZES AND MASSES. The largest in size are *spiral* galaxies, the largest of them exceeding a diameter of \\(10^{23}\\) cm. The author was unable to find in the literature any mention of spiral galaxies with sizes smaller than \\(10^{22}\\) cm. On the other hand, *all dwarf galaxies are elliptical*, and for them the lower threshold is \\(10^{20}\\) cm.
In addition, according to statistical data154 , the mass range of *spiral* galaxies lies within 109-1012 solar masses. For elliptical galaxies, however, this range is strongly shifted towards low masses: 105-1012 solar masses. This indicates that *spiral galaxies are on average larger and more massive, while elliptical galaxies are on average smaller and less massive*.
In addition, according to statistical data¹⁵⁴, the mass range of *spiral* galaxies lies within \\(10^9{-}10^{12}\\) solar masses. For elliptical galaxies, however, this range is strongly shifted towards low masses: \\(10^5{-}10^{12}\\) solar masses. This indicates that *spiral galaxies are on average larger and more massive, while elliptical galaxies are on average smaller and less massive*.
ENTRY INTO CLUSTERS. Galaxy clusters include about 76% of elliptical galaxies and only less than 50% of spiral galaxies155.
ENTRY INTO CLUSTERS. Galaxy clusters include about 76% of elliptical galaxies and only less than 50% of spiral galaxies¹⁵⁵.
So, we see that the Universe is populated mainly by two types of galaxies. ***Elliptical galaxies*** are older, on average smaller in size, simpler in shape and structure, they are part of the metagalactic cellular skeleton of clusters. ***Spiral galaxies are*** younger, the largest and most massive, they are free from the structural skeleton of the Metagalaxy.
So, we see that the Universe is populated mainly by two types of galaxies. ***Elliptical galaxies*** are older, on average smaller in size, simpler in shape and structure, and they are part of the metagalactic cellular skeleton of clusters. ***Spiral galaxies are*** younger, the largest and most massive, and they are free from the structural skeleton of the Metagalaxy.
It is very important, to note that **there is a clear distinction** between these two types in a multitude of parameters, which indicates their fundamental difference.
It is very important to note that **there is a clear distinction** between these two types in a multitude of parameters, which indicates their fundamental difference.
Based on these qualitative data, we can PROPOSE that *elliptical* galaxies belong ***to the first mode of*** the assumed bimodal size distribution of galaxies, while *spiral galaxies belong* to ***the second mode***. And by analogy with atoms and stars, we can PROPOSE that there is a gap in the statistical distribution of galaxies by size between these modes.
Based on these qualitative data, we can **PROPOSE** that *elliptical* galaxies belong ***to the first mode*** of the assumed bimodal size distribution of galaxies, while *spiral galaxies belong* to ***the second mode***. And by analogy with atoms and stars, we can **PROPOSE** that there is a gap in the statistical distribution of galaxies by size between these modes.
[^ref-152]: *Vorontsov-Vel'yaminov B.A.* Essays on the Universe. Moscow: Nauka, 1969.
[^ref-153]: *Vorontsov-Vel'yaminov B.A.* Essays on the Universe. Moscow: Nauka, 1969. С. 130.