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# Types of interactions in the S-hierarchy of the universe
1. TYPES OF INTERACTIONS IN THE S-HIERARCHY OF THE UNIVERSE
At present, science knows and has studied four interactions to varying degrees: weak, strong, electromagnetic and gravitational. It is fundamentally important to note that ***each of them has a different degree of influence on matter depending on the scale level*** [^ref-18]. If this fact is not noticed, one can come to incorrect statements. Thus, J. Wheeler wrote: "It is often said that "the *coupling constant of the gravitational field is small.*" However, this kind of statement in the framework of classical physics is devoid of any meaning, because there is no natural scale for comparing physical effects."19 What are we talking about here? Yes, that at different scale levels the ratio of forces of interactions is essentially different. All interactions should be considered only taking into account their role in certain areas of scales. Let us see, based on scientific data, how these interactions "populate" the S-axis (see Fig. 1.9).
At present, science knows and has studied four interactions to varying degrees: weak, strong, electromagnetic and gravitational. It is fundamentally important to note that ***each of them has a different degree of influence on matter depending on the scale level***18. If this fact is not noticed, one can come to incorrect statements. Thus, J. Wheeler wrote: "It is often said that "the *coupling constant of the gravitational field is small.*" However, this kind of statement in the framework of classical physics is devoid of any meaning, because there is no natural scale for comparing physical effects."19 What are we talking about here? Yes, that at different scale levels the ratio of forces of interactions is essentially different. All interactions should be considered only taking into account their role in certain areas of scales. Let us see, based on scientific data, how these interactions "populate" the S-axis (see Fig. 1.9).
[^ref-18]: Vladimirov Y. S. Space-time: explicit and hidden dimensions. Moscow: Nauka, 1989. С. 95-100.
![][image29]э
![](./media/image91.jpg)
Figure 1.9. Location on the S-axis of the four types of interactions.
*Figure 1.9. Location on the S-axis of the four types of interactions.*
At the top is the simplified integer version. At the bottom are two variants of calculating exact values for points A, B and C and intervals for three interactions
I – IS THE MEGA-INTERVAL. When considering the interaction of stars and galaxies, the GRAVITATIONAL interaction turns out to be the decisive factor, while neither weak, nor strong, nor even electromagnetic forces can be mentioned here, so negligible are the results of their impact at the mega-level of the Universe.
I - IS THE MEGA-INTERVAL. When considering the interaction of stars and galaxies, the GRAVITATIONAL interaction turns out to be the decisive factor, while neither weak, nor strong, nor even electromagnetic forces can be mentioned here, so negligible are the results of their impact at the mega-level of the Universe.
"If we talk about any cosmic object as a whole, be it a planet, a star, a galaxy, etc., then in none of them magnetic forces play the dominant role determining the very existence of the object. Everywhere the main role belongs to gravitational forces."20 The reason for this is that as the mass of the object increases, the charged particles shield each other, which leads to compensation of their electric and magnetic fields. This as if neutralizes the electromagnetic field of matter. Naturally, the mass of particles and their gravitational field are not shielded by anything. Therefore, with the transition to ever larger objects, the ***energy of the electromagnetic field grows slower rather than in proportion to the total number of particles of the object***.
"If we talk about any cosmic object as a whole, be it a planet, a star, a galaxy, etc., then in none of them magnetic forces play the dominant role determining the very existence of the object. Everywhere the main role belongs to gravitational forces."[^ref-20] The reason for this is that as the mass of the object increases, the charged particles shield each other, which leads to compensation of their electric and magnetic fields. This as if neutralizes the electromagnetic field of matter. Naturally, the mass of particles and their gravitational field are not shielded by anything. Therefore, with the transition to ever larger objects, the ***energy of the electromagnetic field grows slower rather than in proportion to the total number of particles of the object***.
"Gravitational interaction differs from electromagnetic interaction in that all particles have masses of the same sign, including antiparticles. As a result, the role of the gravitational interaction, hopelessly weak in the world of elementary particles, increases in the transition to ever larger scales and absolutely dominates on the scale of the Universe\*. Therefore, if in small volumes ... magnetic forces can completely control the behavior of matter, then in a planet, star or galaxy as a whole this is no longer the case, and in even larger areas, significantly exceeding the size of individual galaxies, the dynamic role of the magnetic field is apparently negligible."21
"Gravitational interaction differs from electromagnetic interaction in that all particles have masses of the same sign, including antiparticles. As a result, the role of the gravitational interaction, hopelessly weak in the world of elementary particles, increases in the transition to ever larger scales and absolutely dominates on the scale of the Universe [^note-1]. Therefore, if in small volumes ... magnetic forces can completely control the behavior of matter, then in a planet, star or galaxy as a whole this is no longer the case, and in even larger areas, significantly exceeding the size of individual galaxies, the dynamic role of the magnetic field is apparently negligible." [^ref-21]
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
[^note-1]: When two protons interact, the electric forces are 1038 times greater than gravitational forces.
* When two protons interact, the electric forces are 1038 times greater than gravitational forces.
II - MACRO INTERVAL. The whole macro-world in which man lives and acts is a world in which the main architect and builder is electromagnetism. Due to the fact that this force has equivalent "poles" \- attraction and repulsion, nature by means of a huge number of combinations of these forces builds an incredible number of types of systems at different scale levels (here the analogy with the binary language of computer programs is appropriate).
2. – MACRO INTERVAL. The whole macro-world in which man lives and acts is a world in which the main architect and builder is electromagnetism. Due to the fact that this force has equivalent "poles" \- attraction and repulsion, nature by means of a huge number of combinations of these forces builds an incredible number of types of systems at different scale levels (here the analogy with the binary language of computer programs is appropriate).
A – "TRANSITION POINT". However, the role of electromagnetic forces weakens not only as we move into the megaworld, but also as we dive into the microcosm. Thus, on nuclear scales, the ELECTROMAGNETIC interaction forces are already much weaker than the SILENT interaction forces. "Nuclear forces are large in absolute magnitude... For an example it is enough to say that the binding energy of the simplest nucleus (deuteron) due to nuclear forces is equal to 2.26 MeV, while the binding energy of the simplest atom (hydrogen) due to electromagnetic forces is equal to 13.6 eV" [^ref-22] [^note-2].
A – "TRANSITION POINT". However, the role of electromagnetic forces weakens not only as we move into the megaworld, but also as we dive into the microcosm. Thus, on nuclear scales, the ELECTROMAGNETIC interaction forces are already much weaker than the SILENT interaction forces. "Nuclear forces are large in absolute magnitude... For an example it is enough to say that the binding energy of the simplest nucleus (deuteron) due to nuclear forces is equal to 2.26 MeV, while the binding energy of the simplest atom (hydrogen) due to electromagnetic forces is equal to 13.6 eV"22. \*
[^note-2]: It is not difficult, by the way, to calculate that the binding energy of the hydrogen atom is \\(10^{5}\\) times *weaker than the* binding energy of the simplest of nuclei \- the deuteron, and at the same time the size of the deuteron is exactly the same number of times (\\(10^{5}\\) times) *smaller than the* size of the hydrogen atom.
However, the Nucleic Forces are strongest only in a narrow range of the S-axis.
However, the Nucleic Forces are strongest only in a narrow range of the S-axis.
"The nuclear forces vary greatly with distance; at a distance of 1 fermi, the nuclear forces between protons are thirty five times the electric repulsion force and 1038 times the gravitational interaction. At distances less than 0.7 fermi the nuclear forces act as repulsive forces, at distances greater than 0.7 fermi \- as attractive forces; at a distance of two fermi their effect is zero."23
"The nuclear forces vary greatly with distance; at a distance of 1 fermi, the nuclear forces between protons are thirty five times the electric repulsion force and \\(10^{38}\\) times the gravitational interaction. At distances less than 0.7 fermi the nuclear forces act as repulsive forces, at distances greater than 0.7 fermi \- as attractive forces; at a distance of two fermi their effect is zero." [^ref-23].
3. – MICRO INTERVAL. If we go further into the microcosm, it will turn out that the WEIGHT INTERACTIONS, which are about 1013 times weaker than the strong ones on the scale of atomic nuclei, appear to dominate over all kinds of interactions after 2-3 orders of magnitude.
\* It is not difficult, by the way, to calculate that the binding energy of the hydrogen atom is 105 times *weaker than the* binding energy of the simplest of nuclei \- the deuteron, and at the same time the size of the deuteron is exactly the same number of times (105 times) *smaller than the* size of the hydrogen atom.
III - MICRO INTERVAL. If we go further into the microcosm, it will turn out that the WEIGHT INTERACTIONS, which are about \\(10^{13}\\) times weaker than the strong ones on the scale of atomic nuclei, appear to dominate over all kinds of interactions after 2-3 orders of magnitude.
Thus, the scale of the dominant action of the weak forces, which are responsible for the decays of elementary particles, nuclei and other micro-objects, is already quite microscopic. "Experiments performed...on high-energy neutrino beams have shown that...the radius of action of the weak interaction forces is at least 100 times smaller than the radius of action of the nuclear forces. In this case, the entire ‘weakness’ of the weak interaction is due to the smallness of their radius. "24 It does not follow from this that the role of these forces in the Universe is small. It is as great as the role of electromagnetic, gravitational and strong interactions. In fact, in addition to decay, weak forces initiate the birth and transformation of particles25.
@ -46,19 +44,23 @@ Let's make the corresponding marking on the S-axis and see what values of dimens
POINT A. If we postpone from the leftmost point at (-32.8) order, conventionally from ***point 0***, the length of one third of the S-interval at 20.33 order, we obtain the ***model point*** **a** on the S-axis:
(-32.8) \+ 20.33 \= (-12.47), corresponding to a size of 3.4 x 10\-13cm. According to ***empirical data26***, the strong interactions cease to act at a distance of 2.2 \- 10\-13cm, i.e., the size on the S-axis, where the transition from strong interactions to electromagnetic interactions is observed, is 10\-12.66 cm. The deviation from the model value obtained by us is only 0.19 orders of magnitude\*.
(-32.8) \+ 20.33 \= (-12.47), corresponding to a size of \\({3.4}\cdot{10^{-13}}\\) cm.
According to ***empirical data*** [^ref-26], the strong interactions cease to act at a distance of \\({2.2}\cdot{10^{38}}\\), i.e., the size on the S-axis, where the transition from strong interactions to electromagnetic interactions is observed, is \\(10^{-12.66}\\) cm. The deviation from the model value obtained by us is only 0.19 orders of magnitude.
> Since we found the model boundary by postponing some segment from the left boundary of the S-interval of the Universe (from point 0), the operation was performed at twenty orders of magnitude. Consequently, the error of calculations is less than 1%. This is a very good result, especially since it is necessary to take into account the uncertainty of the true size of the Metagalaxy, which makes the right boundary (point C), and hence the length of the S-interval, floating within fractions of an order of magnitude.
POINT B. Next, let's postpone from the size of the maximon (from ***point 0***) two thirds of the S-interval and get another characteristic point \- ***point B***: (-32.8) \+ (20.33 х 2\) \= 7.86.
Since we found the model boundary by postponing some segment from the left boundary of the S-interval of the Universe (from point 0), the operation was performed at twenty orders of magnitude. Consequently, the error of calculations is less than 1%. This is a very good result, especially since it is necessary to take into account the uncertainty of the true size of the Metagalaxy, which makes the right boundary (point C), and hence the length of the S-interval, floating within fractions of an order of magnitude.
According to the AUTHOR'S HYPOTHESIS, this size (107.86 cm) should mark the boundary separating the scales dominated by electromagnetic interactions from those dominated by gravitational interactions. To test this hypothesis, we need a dataset of bodies of the same type, with dimensions both smaller and larger than 107.86 cm.
According to the AUTHOR'S HYPOTHESIS, this size (\\(10^{7.86}\\) cm) should mark the boundary separating the scales dominated by electromagnetic interactions from those dominated by gravitational interactions. To test this hypothesis, we need a dataset of bodies of the same type, with dimensions both smaller and larger than \\(10^{7.86}\\) cm.
The bodies of the Solar System are best suited for this purpose. In it, one can find objects of a wide range of sizes: microdust particles, micrometeorites, meteors, asteroids, etc. All these objects are mostly irregular and fragmentary in shape, which is caused by local interactions of atoms and molecules.
However, *the larger the size of bodies, the stronger the role of gravity*, and, starting from large planets, only gravity is responsible for the shape. Unlike electromagnetism, gravity has only one "pole" \- attraction. It "speaks" a language with only one letter in the alphabet. Gravity can perform only one function \- to gather, to pull objects to each other. Because of this, gravity in the limit of its influence is able to create only balls. Collective forces of its attraction always have a single point in the center of mass of each body, which at the loss of kinetic energy by this body becomes the geometric center of the spherical body. That is why all planets and stars are so remarkably monotonous in shape: they are spherical. The ***transition from the chaotic shape of cosmic bodies to spherical shape is precisely an indicator of the transition from the dominance of electromagnetism to gravity.*** Thus, for crystalline dense bodies, the transition from formless asteroids to the ideal shape of spheres of planets and further \- stars occurs in the region of hundreds of kilometers (see Fig. 1.10).
We see that starting from microdust and up to large asteroids for almost 15 orders of magnitude in space in the overwhelming number of cases there are exclusively formless bodies that have zero symmetry \- they are *asymmetric*. But as soon as we pass the threshold of a few hundred kilometers, gravity comes into play and creates almost perfect spherical bodies27.\*
We see that starting from microdust and up to large asteroids for almost 15 orders of magnitude in space in the overwhelming number of cases there are exclusively formless bodies that have zero symmetry \- they are *asymmetric*. But as soon as we pass the threshold of a few hundred kilometers, gravity comes into play and creates almost perfect spherical bodies27. [^note-3]
[^note-3]: It is known27 from symmetry theory that the sphere has a limiting symmetry group: ∞/∞/μ−μ−μ (the sphere has axes and symmetry planes of infinite order)
According to modern hypotheses, all cosmic bodies were formed by condensation from cosmic dust. This joining of particles into a single object was due to electromagnetic coupling. Starting from primary crystalline embryos that could still be symmetrical, the further growth of cosmic bodies rapidly led to a loss of symmetry (see Fig. 1.10). Up until asteroids, only formless bodies formed in space. But as soon as a certain size threshold was crossed, gravitational forces, overcoming the resistance of electromagnetic forces, immediately created "spheres," and there was an extreme jump in symmetry \- from zero to infinity\!
@ -66,11 +68,9 @@ Of course, it is extremely interesting to determine with the utmost possible acc
The following minor planets of the asteroid belt were found to be *spherical in* shape: Ceres (1000 km), Pallada (530 km), and Vesta (530 km)28
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
![](./media/image253.jpg)
\* It is known27 from symmetry theory that the sphere has a limiting symmetry group: ∞/∞/μ−μ−μ (the sphere has axes and symmetry planes of infinite order)
![][image30] Fig. 1.10. The jump from zero-symmetry to infinite symmetry when crossing the boundary of values (**107,48 cm \~ 300 km**) on the S-axis. The characteristic dimensions in centimeters are given in parentheses. The top shows the spherical shape of the stars without taking into account their position on the S-axis.
*Fig. 1.10. The jump from zero-symmetry to infinite symmetry when crossing the boundary of values (**107,48 cm \~ 300 km**) on the S-axis. The characteristic dimensions in centimeters are given in parentheses. The top shows the spherical shape of the stars without taking into account their position on the S-axis.*
Smaller planets are also known that have a spherical shape, such as Miranda (500 km in diameter), a small moon of Uranus, or, for example, Mimas29 a satellite of Saturn with a diameter of 390 km. On the other hand, satellites smaller than 300 km have *disordered* shapes, such as Saturn's satellite Ida30 or the largest of Jupiter's small satellites Amalthea31 (265 \- 150 km), not to mention such bodies as Mars' satellites Phobos (23 km) and Deimos (16 km). So, it turned out that all bodies up to Amalthea (265 km) have a disorderly *asymmetric* shape. However, starting from the size of 390 km, which has Saturn's satellite Mimas, the shape acquires strictly *spherical* symmetry. Consequently, the transition takes place in the size range from 300 to 400 km, or on the S-axis between the points 7.48...7.6.
@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ This result is even more surprising if you use the following calculation.
THE SECOND VARIANT OF THE CALCULATION OF THE TRANSITION POINTS. It is well known that the size of the Metagalaxy (the right boundary of the S-interval \- ***point*** **C**) is still being refined. Therefore, it is hardly correct to use it for a precise calculation.
However, the left boundary of the S-interval (fundamental length \- ***point*** **0**) is still not in doubt. Equally reliable is the empirically obtained boundary of the transition from strong interactions to electromagnetic interactions (***point*** **a** \= 2.2 x 10\-13 cm, i.e., 10\-12.66 cm).
However, the left boundary of the S-interval (fundamental length \- ***point*** **0**) is still not in doubt. Equally reliable is the empirically obtained boundary of the transition from strong interactions to electromagnetic interactions (***point*** **a** = 2.2 × \\(10^{-13}\\) cm, i.e., \\(10^{-12.66}\\) cm).
If we take the scaled length from point 0 to point A as a reference (32.8 \- 12.66 \= 20.14) and back it off to the right two times, we get a new partition and a new value for ***point*** B.
@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ The degree of ten at ***point*** **B** (107.48cm) gives a cosmic size of 300 km,
This degree (**27.62**) corresponds to a size of 4.2 x 1027 cm, which is at least a factor of 2 smaller than the theoretical cosmological size of the Metagalaxy.
However, it is not necessarily that the size of 1027.62 cm is the size of the Metagalaxy. is possible that this is only the boundary of gravitational forces \- a kind of GRAVITATIONAL HORIZONT of the Metagalaxy, beyond which gravitation is no longer able to form any structures, and they are formed by other, "meta-metagalactic" forces, which, by the way, can, like strong interactions, occupy on the S-axis only 0.5 orders of magnitude, i.e. the range from 5x1027 to 15 x 1027 cm.
However, it is not necessarily that the size of \\(10^{27.62}\\) cm is the size of the Metagalaxy. It is possible that this is only the boundary of gravitational forces \- a kind of GRAVITATIONAL HORIZON of the Metagalaxy, beyond which gravitation is no longer able to form any structures, and they are formed by other, "meta-metagalactic" forces, which, by the way, can, like strong interactions, occupy on the S-axis only 0.5 orders of magnitude, i.e. the range from 5 × \\(10^{27}\\) to 15 × \\(10^{27}\\) cm.
So, even if we do not change the right boundary of the S-interval of the Universe (*calculated according to the first variant*), then with an error of less than 1% we will get the ***left and right scaling boundary of the dominant influence on matter \- electromagnetic forces \-*** by simple arithmetic division of the S-interval into three sections. Already this result is phenomenal in itself, because the whole "theory" proceeds from the simple idea of scale symmetry, and the whole "calculation" \- from the division of the segment into three equal parts accessible to a schoolboy. No matter how ridiculously simple this approach is, it gives such an accurate result that there is an assumption of much simpler laws of the Universe structure than even the most fantastic mind can assume. After all, at quite reasonable correction (*calculation according to the second variant*) we ***almost without error find the order of the boundary size between electromagnetic and gravitational interaction \- 7.48***.